Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI,
10th Edition

Introduction.
1. Introduction.
Geotechnical Engineering. Foundation Engineering. Soil Exploration. Ground Improvement. Solution Methods. Numerical Modeling. Empiricism. Literature. References.
Part I: GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES AND SOIL EXPLORATION.
2. Geotechnical Properties of Soil.
Introduction. Grain-Size Distribution. Size Limits for Soil. Weight-Volume Relationships. Relative Density. Atterberg Limits. Liquidity Index. Activity. Soil Classification Systems. Hydraulic Conductivity of Soil. Steady-State Seepage. Effective Stress. Consolidation. Calculation of Primary Consolidation Settlement. Time Rate of Consolidation. Range of Coefficient of Consolidation, cv. Degree of Consolidation Under Ramp Loading. Shear Strength. Unconfined Compression Test. Comments on Friction Angle, ϕ'. Correlations of Undrained Shear Strength, cu. Sensitivity. Summary. Problems. References.
3. Natural Soil Deposits and Subsoil Exploration.
Introduction. Natural Soil Deposits. Soil Origin. Residual Soil. Gravity-Transported Soil. Alluvial Deposits. Lacustrine Deposits. Glacial Deposits. Aeolian Soil Deposits. Organic Soil. Some Local Terms for Soil. Subsurface Exploration. Purpose of Subsurface Exploration. Subsurface Exploration Program. Exploratory Borings in the Field. Procedures for Sampling Soil. Split-Spoon Sampling and Standard Penetration Test. Sampling with a Scraper Bucket. Sampling with a Thin-Walled Tube. Sampling with a Piston Sampler. Observation of Water Tables. Vane Shear Test. Cone Penetration Test. Pressuremeter Test (PMT). Dilatometer Test. Iowa Borehole Shear Test. K0 Stepped-Blade Test. Coring of Rocks. Preparation of Boring Logs. Geophysical Exploration. Subsoil Exploration Report. Summary. Problems. References.
Part II: SOIL IMPROVEMENT.
4. Soil Improvement and Ground Modification.
Introduction. General Principles of Compaction. Empirical Relationships for Compaction. Field Compaction. Compaction Control for Clay Hydraulic Barriers. Vibroflotation. Blasting. Precompression. Sand Drains. Prefabricated Vertical Drains. Lime Stabilization. Cement Stabilization. Fly-Ash Stabilization. Stone Columns. Sand Compaction Piles. Dynamic Compaction. Jet Grouting. Deep Mixing. Summary. Problems. References.
Part III: FOUNDATION ANALYSIS.
5. Shallow Foundations: Ultimate Bearing Capacity.
Introduction. General Concept. Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity Theory. Factor of Safety. Modification of Bearing Capacity Equations for Water Table. The General Bearing Capacity Equation. Other Solutions for Bearing Capacity, Shape, Depth, and Inclination Factors. Case Studies on Ultimate Bearing Capacity. Effect of Soil Compressibility. Scale Effect on Ultimate Bearing Capacity. Eccentrically Loaded Foundations. Ultimate Bearing Capacity Under Eccentric Loading-One-Way Eccentricity. Bearing Capacity of a Continuous Foundation Subjected to Eccentrically Inclined Loading. Summary. Problems. References.
6. Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations: Special Cases.
Introduction. Bearing Capacity of Foundation on Anisotropic Sand. Bearing Capacity of Continuous Foundation Subjected to Normal Load. Foundation Supported by a Soil with a Rigid Base at Shallow Depth. Foundations on Layered Clay. Bearing Capacity of Layered Soil: Stronger Soil Underlain by Weaker Soil. Bearing Capacity of Layered Soil: Weaker Soil Underlain by Stronger Soil. Continuous Foundation on Weak Clay with a Granular Trench. Closely Spaced Foundations-Effect on Ultimate Bearing Capacity. Bearing Capacity of Foundations on Top of a Slope. Bearing Capacity of Foundations on a Slope. Seismic Bearing Capacity and Settlement in Granular Soil. Foundations on Rock. Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Wedge-Shaped Foundation. Summary. Problems. References.
7. Vertical Stress Increase in Soil.
Introduction. Stress Due to a Concentrated Load. Stress Due to a Circularly Loaded Area. Stress Due to a Line Load. Stress Below a Vertical Strip Load of Finite Width and Infinite Length. Stress Below a Horizontal Strip Load of Finite Width and Infinite Length. Symmetrical Vertical Triangular Strip Load on the Surface. Vertical Stress Increase Below a Flexible Circular Area-Parabolic and Conical Loading. Stress Below a Rectangular Area. Average Vertical Stress Increase Due to a Rectangularly Loaded Area. Average Vertical Stress Increase Below the Center of a Circularly Loaded Area. Stress Increase under an Embankment. Westergaard's Solution for Vertical Stress Due to a Point Load. Stress Distribution for Westergaard Material. Summary. Problems. References.
8. Settlement of Shallow Foundations.
Introduction. Elastic Settlement of Shallow Foundation on Saturated Clay. Elastic Settlement in Granular Soil. Settlement Based on the Theory of Elasticity. Improved Equation for Elastic Settlement. Settlement of Sandy Soil: Use of Strain Influence Factor. Settlement of Foundation on Sand Based on Standard Penetration Resistance. Settlement Based on Pressuremeter Test (PMT). Settlement Estimation Using the L1 - L2 Method. Consolidation Settlement. Primary Consolidation Settlement Relationships. Three-Dimensional Effect on Primary Consolidation Settlement. Settlement Due to Secondary Consolidation. Field Load Test. Presumptive Bearing Capacity. Tolerable Settlement of Buildings. Improvement of Soil for Shallow Foundation Construction. Summary. Problems. References.
9. Mat Foundations.
Introduction. Combined Footings. Common Types of Mat Foundations. Bearing Capacity of Mat Foundations. Differential Settlement of Mats. Field Settlement Observations for Mat Foundations. Compensated Foundation. Structural Design of Mat Foundations. Summary. Problems. References
10. Uplift Capacity of Shallow Foundations and Helical Anchors.
Introduction. Foundations on Granular Soil. Foundations on Cohesive Soil. General Dimensions of a Helical Anchor. Geometrical Parameters, Failure Mode in Sand, and Ultimate Load Determination. Deep Helical Anchors in Sand. Helical Anchors in Clay (ϕ = 0 Condition). Summary. Problems. References.
11. Pile Foundations.
Introduction. Pile Materials. Continuous Flight Auger (CFA) Piles. Estimating Pile Length. Installation of Piles. Load Transfer Mechanism. Equations for Estimating Pile Capacity. Meyerhof's Method for Estimating Qp. Janbu’s Method-Estimation of Qp. Vesic's Method for Estimating Qp. Coyle and Castello's Method for Estimating Qp in Sand. Correlations for Calculating Qp with SPT and CPT Results in Granular Soil. Frictional Resistance (Qs) in Sand. Comparison of Theory with Field Load Test Results (Granular Soil). Frictional (Skin) Resistance in Clay. Ultimate Capacity of Continuous Flight Auger Pile. Point Bearing Capacity of Piles Resting on Rock. Pile Load Tests. Elastic Settlement of Piles. Laterally Loaded Piles. Pile-Driving Formulas. Pile Capacity for Vibration-Driven Piles. Wave Equation Analysis. Negative Skin Friction. Group Piles. Group Efficiency. Ultimate Capacity of Group Piles in Saturated Clay. Elastic Settlement of Group Piles. Consolidation Settlement of Group Piles. Piles in Rock. Summary. Problems. References.
12. Drilled Shaft Foundations.
Introduction. Types of Drilled Shafts. Construction Procedures. Other Design Considerations. Load Transfer Mechanism. Estimation of Load-Bearing Capacity. Load-Bearing Capacity in Granular Soil. Load-Bearing Capacity in Granular Soil Based on Settlement. Load-Bearing Capacity in Clay. Load-Bearing Capacity in Clay Based on Settlement. Settlement of Drilled Shafts at Working Load. Lateral Load-Carrying Capacity-Characteristic Load and Moment Method. Drilled Shafts Extending into Rock. Summary. Problems. References.
13. Foundations on Difficult Soil.
Introduction. Collapsible Soil. Definition and Types of Collapsible Soil. Physical Parameters for Identification. Procedure for Calculating Collapse Settlement. Foundations in Soil Not Susceptible to Wetting. Foundations in Soil Susceptible to Wetting. Expansive Soils. General Nature of Expansive Soil. Unrestrained Swell Test. Swelling Pressure Test. Classification of Expansive Soil on the Basis of Index Tests. Foundation Considerations for Expansive Soil. Construction on Expansive Soil. Sanitary Landfills. General Nature of Sanitary Landfills. Settlement of Sanitary Landfills. Summary. Problems. References.
Part IV: LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE AND EARTH-RETAINING STRUCTURES.
14. Lateral Earth Pressure.
Introduction. Lateral Earth Pressure at Rest. Active Pressure. Rankine Active Earth Pressure. A Generalized Case for Rankine Active Pressure-Granular Backfill. Rankine Active Pressure with Vertical Wall Backface and Inclined c'-ϕ' Soil Backfill. Coulomb's Active Earth Pressure. Active Earth Pressure for Translation of Retaining Wall-Granular Backfill. Lateral Earth Pressure Due to Surcharge. Active Earth Pressure for Earthquake Conditions-Granular Backfill. Active Earth Pressure for Earthquake Condition (Vertical Backface of Wall and c'-ϕ' Backfill). Passive Pressure. Rankine Passive Earth Pressure. A Generalized Case for Rankine Passive Pressure-Granular Backfill. Coulomb's Passive Earth Pressure. Comments on the Failure Surface Assumption for Coulomb’s Pressure Calculations. Caquot and Kerisel Solution for Passive Earth Pressure (Granular Backfill). Solution for Passive Pressure by Shields and Tolunay (1973) (Granular Backfill). Summary. Problems. References.
15. Retaining Walls.
Introduction. Gravity and Cantilever Walls. Proportioning Retaining Walls. Application of Lateral Earth Pressure Theories to Design. Equivalent Fluid Method for Determination of Earth Pressure. Stability of Retaining Walls. Check for Overturning. Check for Sliding Along the Base. Check for Bearing Capacity Failure. Construction Joints and Drainage from Backfill. Comments on Design of Retaining Walls. Gravity Retaining-Wall Design for Earthquake Conditions. Mechanically Stabilized Retaining Walls. Soil Reinforcement. Considerations in Soil Reinforcement. General Design Considerations. Retaining Walls with Metallic Strip Reinforcement. Step-by-Step-Design Procedure Using Metallic Strip Reinforcement. Retaining Walls with Geotextile Reinforcement. Retaining Walls with Geogrid Reinforcement-General. Design Procedure for Geogrid-Reinforced Retaining Wall. Summary. Problems. References.
16. Sheet-Pile Walls.
Introduction. Construction Methods. Cantilever Sheet-Pile Walls. Cantilever Sheet Piling Penetrating Sandy Soils. Special Cases for Cantilever Walls Penetrating a Sandy Soil. Cantilever Sheet Piling Penetrating Clay. Special Cases for Cantilever Walls Penetrating Clay. Anchored Sheet-Pile Walls. Free Earth Support Method for Penetration of Sandy Soil. Design Charts for Free Earth Support Method (Penetration into Sandy Soil). Moment Reduction for Anchored Sheet-Pile Walls Penetrating into Sand. Computational Pressure Diagram Method for Penetration into Sandy Soil. Field Observations for Anchor Sheet-Pile Walls. Free Earth Support Method for Penetration of Clay. Anchors. Holding Capacity of Anchor Plates in Sand. Holding Capacity of Anchor Plates in Clay (ϕ = 0 Condition). Ultimate Resistance of Tiebacks. Summary. Problems. References.
17. Braced Cuts.
Introduction. Braced-Cut Analysis Based on General Wedge Theory. Pressure Envelope for Braced-Cut Design. Pressure Envelope for Cuts in Layered Soil. Tschebotarioff’s Pressure Envelopes. Design of Various Components of a Braced Cut. Case Studies of Braced Cuts. Bottom Heave of a Cut in Clay. Stability of the Bottom of a Cut in Sand. Lateral Yielding of Sheet Piles and Ground Settlement. Summary. Problems. References.
Answers to Problems.
Index.

• Braja M. Das

  Dr. Braja Das is dean emeritus of the College of Engineering and Computer Science at California State University, Sacramento. He received his M.S. in civil engineering from the University of Iowa and his Ph.D. in geotechnical engineering from the University of Wisconsin. He is the author of several geotechnical engineering texts and reference books as well as more than 300 technical papers in the area of geotechnical engineering. His primary areas of research include shallow foundations, earth anchors and geosynthetics. Dr. Das is a fellow and life member of the American Society of Civil Engineers, life member of the American Society for Engineering Education and an emeritus member of the Stabilization of Geomaterials and Recycled Materials of the Transportation Research Board of the National Research Council. He has received numerous awards for teaching excellence, including the AMOCO Foundation Award, the AT&T Award for Teaching Excellence from the American Society for Engineering Education, the Ralph Teetor Award from the Society of Automotive Engineers and the Distinguished Achievement Award for Teaching Excellence from the University of Texas at El Paso.

• A NEW CHAPTER (CH. 10) FOCUSES ON THE UPLIFT CAPACITY OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS AND HELICAL ANCHORS. All-new chapter content highlights the development of uplift capacity theories as well as their application in civil engineering today.

• NEW LEARNING OBJECTIVES FOR EVERY CHAPTER PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW OF CORE CONCEPTS. Effective learning features like these helpful summaries allow students to focus on the most important concepts and skills as they advance through your course.

• NEW PHOTOGRAPHS CLEARLY ILLUSTRATE IMPORTANT CONCEPTS APPLIED IN THE FIELD. This edition includes new photos as well as updates that reflect today's most recent advancements. All photos throughout this edition visually clarify and reinforce the book's most critical points.

• NEW WORKED-OUT EXAMPLES DEMONSTRATE ACTUAL CIVIL ENGINEERING PRACTICES AND CHALLENGES. Each chapter now includes numerous new, practical, worked-out examples that show students how to complete the actual work they will encounter on the job as civil engineers.

• NEW AND REVISED PROBLEMS OFFER A DIVERSITY OF PRACTICE OPPORTUNITIES. Students refine their professional and civil engineering skills as they work through a variety of practical problems in this new edition. A diverse selection of problems both challenge student understanding and ensure a mastery of important concepts.

• THIS EDITION OFFERS MORE WORKED-OUT EXAMPLES AND FIGURES THAN ANY OTHER TEXT. This book is well-known for its visual reinforcement of important principles. Memorable examples and helpful figures clarify key concepts and ensure students know how to appropriately apply the knowledge they've mastered.

• PROFESSIONAL REFERENCES AND RESOURCES GUIDE READERS IN FURTHER STUDY AND INVESTIGATION. Helpful professional references at the end of every chapter provide resources for students to further explore engineering topics of particular interest.

• CLEAR, STRAIGHTFORWARD WRITING STYLE ENSURES COMPREHENSION. The author's distinctive, engaging approach to engineering captures student attention. The book's clear presentations help students fully understand concepts and how to most effectively apply key topics.

• BALANCED COVERAGE EMPHASIZES THE MOST UP-TO-DATE RESEARCH AND PRACTICAL FIELD APPLICATIONS. This effective blend of the latest theories and hands-on skills prepares your students for successful careers in today's field of civil engineering.

• THIS EDITION CLEARLY PRESENTS AND EXPLAINS MULTIPLE THEORIES AND EMPIRICAL CORRELATIONS, WHERE APPLICABLE. This author discusses supporting theories and empirical correlations, when needed, using an understandable approach that sets this book apart. Students leave your course with a well-rounded understanding of civil engineering principles and their practice today.

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