General, Organic, and Biochemistry,
2nd Edition

1. MEASUREMENTS IN SCIENCE AND MEDICINE.
1.1 Measuring size: distance, mass, and volume. 1.2 Measurements in science: precision and accuracy. 1.3 Metric units and their relationships. 1.4 Unit conversions and conversion factors. 1.5 Using multiple conversion factors. 1.6 Density, dosage, and other compound units
1.7 Temperature. Connections: Why Do We Struggle Against the Metric System?
2. ATOMS, ELEMENTS, AND COMPOUNDS.
2.1 Classifying matter: mixtures, compounds, and elements. 2.2 Atoms and atomic structure.
2.3 Electron shells and valence electrons. 2.4 An introduction to the periodic table. 2.5 Isotopes and atomic weight. 2.6 Moles. 2.7 Compounds, chemical formulas, and moles. Connections: The Elements of Life.
3. CHEMICAL BONDS.
3.1 Covalent bonds and the octet rule. 3.2 Double and triple bonds. 3.3 Electronegativity and polar bonds. 3.4 Naming covalent compounds. 3.5 Ions and ionic compounds. 3.6 Writing formula for ionic compounds. 3.7 Naming ionic compounds. 3.8 Polyatomic ions. 3.9 Recognizing ionic and molecular compounds. Connections: Nitrogen and Oxygen: A Remarkable Partnership.
4. ENERGY AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES.
4.1 Heat and energy. 4.2 The three states of matter. 4.3 The properties of gases. 4.4 Gas law calculations. 4.5 Attractive forces and the physical properties of matter. 4.6 Solutions and the dissolving process. 4.7 Electrolytes and dissociation. Connections: Temperature, Pressure, and Volume in Everyday Life.
5. SOLUTION CONCENTRATION.
5.1 Concentration. 5.2 Solubility. 5.3 The relationship between solubility and molecular structure. 5.4 Molarity. 5.5 Osmosis, dialysis, and tonicity. 5.6 Equivalents. 5.7 Dilution. Connections: Physiological Dehydration.
6. CHEMICAL REACTIONS.
6.1 Physical changes and chemical reactions. 6.2 Chemical equations. 6.3 Mass relationships in a chemical reaction. 6.4 Heats of reaction. 6.5 Combustion reactions and the carbon cycle. 6.6 Reaction rate and activation energy. 6.7 Chemical equilibrium. Connections: Energy from Food.
7. ACIDS AND BASES.
7.1 The self-ionization of water. 7.2 The pH scale. 7.3 Properties of acids. 7.4 Properties of bases. 7.5 Acid-base reactions. 7.6 Amphiprotic molecules and ions. 7.7 Buffers. 7.8 The role of buffers in human physiology. Connections: Consequences of Blood pH Changes.
8. NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY.
8.1 Nuclear symbols. 8.2 Writing nuclear equations. 8.3 Energy and nuclear reactions.
8.4 Measuring radiation. 8.5 Radiation sources and shielding. 8.6 Nuclear decay and half-life. 8.7 Nuclear fission and fusion. Connections: Diagnostic Imaging.
9. HYDROCARBONS: AN INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC MOLECULES.
9.1 The special properties of carbon. 9.2 Linear alkanes: the foundation of organic chemistry.
9.3 Branched alkanes, cycloalkanes, and isomers. 9.4 Naming branched alkanes: the IUPAC system. 9.5 Functional groups. 9.6 Alkenes and alkynes. 9.7 Cis and trans isomers of alkenes.
9.8 Benzene and aromatic compounds. 9.9 Properties of hydrocarbons. Connections: High-Octane Hydrocarbons.
10. HYDRATION, DEHYDRATION, AND ALCOHOLS.
10.1 The hydration reaction. 10.2 Controlling the product: an introduction to enzymes. 10.3 Naming alcohols. 10.4 The physical properties of alcohols. 10.5 Chirality in organic molecules. 10.6 The dehydration reaction. 10.7 Phenols and thiols. Connections: Alcohols for Drinking – Or Not.
11. CARBONYL COMPOUNDS AND REDOX REACTIONS.
11.1 Hydrogenation and dehydrogenation. 11.2 Oxidation and reduction reactions and the carbonyl group. 11.3 The naming and properties of aldehydes and ketones. 11.4 Other oxidation and reduction reactions. 11.5 Carboxylic acids. 11.6 Biological oxidations and reductions: the redox coenzymes. 11.7 Introduction to metabolic pathways. Connections: Fragrances and Flavors.
12. ORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES.
12.1 Reactions of organic acids. 12.2 Decarboxylation reactions. 12.3 Amines. 12.4 Acid-base reactions of amines. 12.5 The physiological behavior of organic acids and bases. Connections: Messing With Your Mind: The Power of Tryptamines.
13. CONDENSATION AND HYDROLYSIS REACTIONS.
13.1 An introduction to condensation reactions: ethers. 13.2 Esterification, amidation, and phosphorylation. 13.3 Condensation polymers. 13.4 Hydrolysis. 13.5 The effect of pH on the products of hydrolysis. 13.6 The ATP cycle. Connections: Common Pain Relievers.
14. PROTEINS.
14.1 Amino acids. 14.2 Peptide bonds and the secondary structure of a protein. 14.3 Side chain interactions and tertiary structure. 14.4 Protein denaturation. 14.5 Enzyme structure and function. 14.6 Sources and metabolism of amino acids. Connections: Enzyme Assays in Medicine.
15. CARBOHYDRATES.
15.1 Monosaccharides. 15.2 Isomeric forms of monosaccharides: anomers and enantiomers.
15.3 Disaccharides and the glycosidic linkage. 15.4 Common disaccharides and polysaccharides. 15.5 Carbohydrate catabolism. Connections: The Importance of Blood Glucose.
16. LIPIDS AND MEMBRANES.
16.1 Fatty acids and triglycerides. 16.2 Chemical reactions of triglycerides. 16.3 Catabolism of fatty acids. 16.4 Glycerophospholipids and cell membranes. 16.5 Concentration gradients and ATP formation. Connections: Brown Adipose Tissue and Uncouplers.
17. NUCLEIC ACIDS, PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, AND HEREDITY.
17.1 Nucleotides. 17.2 Structures of nucleic acid. 17.3 DNA replication. 17.4 Transcription and RNA processing. 17.5 Translation and the genetic code. 17.6 The mechanism of protein synthesis. 17.7 Mutations and genetic disorders. Connections: The Human Genome Project and Genetic Screening.
Appendix A Mathematics Supplement.
Appendix B Summary of Organic Functional Groups.
Appendix C Answers to Selected Problems.

• James Armstrong

  Jim Armstrong attended Harvard University as an undergraduate student and then moved to the West coast for graduate school. Since earning his Master's degree at the University of California at Berkeley, Jim has taught in the California community college system. He has been on the faculty of City College of San Francisco for the past 20 years, during which time he has taught the full range of lower-division chemistry courses, with particular emphasis on the single-term GOB course. Ten years ago, he collaborated with the CCSF biology and nursing departments on an extensive revision of the GOB curriculum, and the success of the course revision led to the writing of this textbook. Besides teaching and writing, Jim enjoys playing piano and trombone, collecting topographic maps, bird watching, and doting on his wonderful twin daughters.

• The #1 online homework and learning system for chemistry, OWLv2, is available for this text-now with new instructor features and enhanced functionality: a Dashboard that consolidates all course materials; easy, intuitive assignment creation and management; ability to preview and select activities/questions for each assignment; new assignment settings and options; improved gradebook; Personalized Study tools to help students focus their time on the key concepts and skills; and MindTap Reader™, a new eBook with apps and embedded video, audio, annotations, and activities. OWLv2 courses for Gen Chem, GOB, and Liberal Arts now include Quick Prep essential skills assignments that can be taken before the semester begins or during the first few weeks, to help students succeed in the course. For this course, OWLv2 also includes new interactive versions of the end-of-chapter questions from the text and new iPad-compatible visualizations, tutorials, and simulations.

• The chapter on nuclear chemistry (formerly Chapter 16) has been moved to the end of the material on general chemistry, becoming Chapter 8 in the second edition.

• To streamline the text, the following peripheral topics have been eliminated: heating and cooling curves, the ideal gas law, precipitation reactions, Le Châtelier's principle, mass-energy conversion calculations, bombardment reactions and the production of radioisotopes, Markovnikov's rule, the solubility of organic compounds in organic solvents, the structures and functions of steroids, and anabolic pathways.

• The sections on biologically important amines and on radioisotopes in medicine have been replaced by new end-of-chapter "Connections" essays covering much of the same material.

• Coverage of the moles and molar masses has been moved from Chapter 5 to the end of Chapter 2, allowing early exposure to this often-difficult concept.

• The #1 online homework and learning system for chemistry, OWLv2, may be required by your instructor for this course. OWLv2 now has these new features and enhanced functionality for students: introductory assignments prepare you to use the system; a new chemistry palette for easy input of chemical formulas; a new structure drawing tool; easy, intuitive assignment navigation; "Are You Sure" window alerts you to errors prior to answer submission; Personalized Study tools to focus your time on the key concepts and skills that you need to learn, and MindTap Reader™, a new eBook with apps and embedded video, audio, annotations, and activities. OWLv2 courses for Gen Chem, GOB, and Liberal Arts now include Quick Prep assignments that help you learn essential skills to succeed. For this course, OWLv2 also includes new interactive versions of the end-of-chapter questions from the text and new iPad-compatible visualizations, tutorials, and simulations.

• To streamline the text, the following peripheral topics have been eliminated: heating and cooling curves, the ideal gas law, precipitation reactions, Le Châtelier's principle, mass-energy conversion calculations, bombardment reactions and the production of radioisotopes, Markovnikov's rule, the solubility of organic compounds in organic solvents, the structures and functions of steroids, and anabolic pathways.

• The sections on biologically important amines and on radioisotopes in medicine have been replaced by new end-of-chapter "Connections" essays covering much of the same material.

• Coverage of the moles and molar masses has been moved from Chapter 5 to the end of Chapter 2, allowing early exposure to this often-difficult concept.

• The topic sequence in Chapter 2 has been revised extensively, giving a more logical flow of subject matter. The electronic structure of atoms is now covered immediately after the introduction to atoms, allowing uninterrupted coverage of atomic structure. The separate sections on the periodic table have been combined into a single section, which appears after the material on electronic structure. The material on chemical similarities has been compressed and moved to Chapter 3.

• DESIGNED FOR NURSING AND HEALTH SCIENCES MAJORS. This allied health-focused book takes the most direct path to biomolecules and metabolic processes, includes novel and relevant "Health Notes" in the margins, and weaves biological and medical applications throughout to prepare students for their future careers.

• EMPHASIS ON PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGIES. Each Sample Problem is paired with a closely related "Try It Yourself" question. Most sample problems list additional Core Problems that students can do to practice new skills. Steps for solving the conversion problems appear in the margins to guide students through the problem-solving process.

• FOCUSED ON STUDENT LEARNING. Each chapter begins with a short health-related, 'story type' introduction, followed by numbered sections with learning objectives. Section-ending Core Problems immediately reinforce the section objectives and help students' gauge their knowledge of the content. Key Terms appear in boldface type the first time they are used and are collected at the back of the chapter to facilitate student review.

• BUILT-IN STUDY GUIDE. End-of-chapter material (keyed to each section) helps students master chapter concepts and problem-solving skills and review for quizzes and tests. Concept Questions encourage students to describe how the ideas in the chapter apply to specific examples, while Summary and Challenge Problems cover all sections and give instructors the opportunity to assign questions at a wide range of levels. Challenge problems are marked with an asterisk and require a greater depth of understanding; many involve concepts from earlier chapters.

• OWL INTEGRATION. Improve student learning outcomes with OWLv2, the #1 online homework and learning system for chemistry, now with new features and enhanced functionality! Developed by chemistry instructors, OWLv2's reporting and grade book features simplify homework management and track student progress. OWLv2 addresses different student learning styles through tutorials, simulations, visualization exercises, and algorithmically generated homework questions with instant answer-specific feedback. With OWLv2's mastery learning approach, students work at their own pace until they understand each concept/skill. OWL includes MindTap Reader™, an iPad-compatible multimedia eBook. Gen Chemistry, GOB, and Liberal Arts courses include Quick Prep modules to help students learn essential skills.

• DESIGNED SPECIFICALLY FOR NURSING AND HEALTH SCIENCES MAJORS. To help you prepare for your future career, this easy-to-understand book takes the most direct path to health-related topics such as biomolecules and metabolic processes, includes novel and relevant "Health Notes" in the margins, and weaves biological and medical applications throughout.

• EMPHASIS ON PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGIES. Develop the problem-solving skills and understanding of health-related chemistry you'll need in your future career! The book takes an engaging problem-solving approach, illustrating key points through worked examples and walking you through each step in the problem-solving process. Each Sample Problem is paired with a closely related "Try It Yourself" question, and most sample problems list additional Core Problems so you can practice new skills.

• ORGANIZED TO HELP YOU MASTER CHEMISTRY. Each chapter begins with a short, 'story type,' health-related introduction, followed by numbered sections with learning objectives. Section-ending Core Problems immediately reinforce the section's objectives and help you gauge your knowledge of the content. Key Terms appear in boldface type the first time they are used and are collected at the back of the chapter for easy review.

• INTEGRATED WITH OWL ONLINE WEB LEARNING. OWLv2's step-by-step tutorials, interactive simulations , and homework questions with instant question-specific feedback help you every step of the way as you master tough chemistry concepts and skills. OWLv2 encourages you to learn at your own pace, ensuring that you've mastered each concept before you move on. Personalized Study tools help you gauge your unique study needs and focus your time on the key concepts and skills that you need to learn. OWLv2 includes an iPad-compatible digital textbook, enhanced with rich multimedia learning tools and available 24/7 in OWLv2. Ask your instructor today if OWLv2 is required for your course!

• BUILT-IN STUDY GUIDE: End-of-chapter material (keyed to each section) helps you master chapter concepts and problem-solving skills and review for quizzes and tests. Concept Questions encourage you to describe how the ideas in the chapter apply to specific examples, while Summary and Challenge Problems cover all sections.

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